using System;

namespace IslaApocalypse.Tools
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Shape helpers for the island mask, ported from the reference's
	/// <c>Tools/Scripts/IslandFalloff.cs</c> — now the WHOLE file, in three parts:
	///
	///   1. the spine crest (<see cref="SmoothAbs"/>)                          — Phase 1, chat1
	///   2. the submarine COAST SHELF (<see cref="CoastShelf"/>)                — chat2/05 stage 1
	///   3. the OFFSHORE ISLET layer (<see cref="OffshoreBlob"/>,
	///      <see cref="OffshoreZoneWeight"/>, <see cref="CalibrateThreshold"/>)  — chat2/05 stage 1
	///      + the RESHAPE helper (<see cref="RigidBlob"/>)                            — stage 2
	///
	/// The faithful functions keep the reference's names, constants and arithmetic verbatim (D-050);
	/// the parameterized overloads beside them exist so the reshape can move a dial without touching
	/// the faithful path — the faithful overload CALLS the parameterized one with the reference's
	/// constants, so the two cannot drift apart.
	///
	/// The reference's own separability argument (verbatim): "Every one of these is monotone in the
	/// sign of (sea − height): none of them can turn water into land or land into water ON ITS OWN."
	/// That holds for the shelf, which is why it is invisible until water renders. ⚠ It does NOT hold
	/// for the islets, which exist precisely to turn water into land — see the note on
	/// <see cref="OffshoreBlob"/>.
	///
	/// This type is pure math and engine-free. It sits in Tools/ rather than Core/ so the pass-1
	/// port stays auditable as one unit against one reference file.
	/// </summary>
	public static class IslandFalloff
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// The rounding width of the spine crest, in normalized axis-distance units.
		/// READ from the reference: <c>IslandFalloff.CREST_EPSILON = 0.03f</c> (~:34).
		/// </summary>
		public const float CREST_EPSILON = 0.03f;

		/// <summary>
		/// A smooth absolute value: zero AT zero, with zero slope there, converging to |d| away from it.
		/// READ from the reference (~:42-46), verbatim:
		/// <code>a = |d|;  return a*a / sqrt(a*a + eps*eps);</code>
		///
		/// ═══ WHY IT EXISTS — do not "simplify" it back to Abs ═══
		///
		/// The spine's ridge axis is the line x = centre, and a plain <c>1 - |x - cx|</c> peaks there
		/// with a SLOPE DISCONTINUITY. On real terrain that put the four columns at the centre axis
		/// in the top four slope-step locations out of 5,999 — a visible crease running the whole
		/// height of the island, measured at ~170x the off-axis controls. It was blamed on the
		/// falloff blend for a long time; transect measurement ruled that out and found this.
		///
		/// SmoothAbs(0) = 0, so the crest keeps its FULL HEIGHT — it rounds without dropping.
		/// Measured on the reference: the 1-px kink fell 99.3%, the centre column dropped from
		/// rank 1 of 5,999 to rank 1,364, and nothing anywhere was lowered.
		/// → `Design - Terrain - Mountain Spine.md`.
		/// </summary>
		public static float SmoothAbs(float d, float epsilon)
		{
			float a = Math.Abs(d);
			return a * a / MathF.Sqrt(a * a + epsilon * epsilon);
		}

		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
		//  2. THE COAST SHELF — chat2/05 stage 1, faithful (reference ~:48-62)
		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
		//
		// depth' = depth · (1 − STRENGTH · exp(−depth / SCALE_M))
		//
		// The height curve is identity at and below sea, so it never reached the seabed. Measured
		// on the reference: land rises from the shoreline at 0.038 m/px while the seabed drops at
		// 0.258 m/px — a shelf on the land side and a ramp on the sea side. This compresses shallow
		// depth so the shallows extend much further out, leaving deep water and the Trench alone.
		// At the shoreline the seabed starts at (1 − STRENGTH) = 22.5 % of its former gradient.
		//
		// C^∞ everywhere and STRICTLY POSITIVE for positive depth — in exact arithmetic it cannot
		// move the waterline by one pixel. ⚠ In float32 it can (see the call site's BitDecrement
		// clamp), which is why "cannot" is enforced at the call site and not assumed here.
		//
		// ⚠ INVISIBLE UNTIL WATER RENDERS. Nothing in Phase 2's hypsometric plates shows it; it is
		// ported faithfully now, wired in now, and judged when the water pass lands.

		/// <summary>Reference: 0 = off, →1 = a flat lagoon.</summary>
		public const float SHELF_STRENGTH = 0.775f;

		/// <summary>Reference: metres of depth over which the shelf relaxes back to the raw seabed.</summary>
		public const float SHELF_SCALE_M = 100f;

		/// <summary>Remaps a positive depth in metres. Returns the new depth in metres. THE FAITHFUL FORM.</summary>
		public static float CoastShelf(float depthMetres)
			=> CoastShelf(depthMetres, SHELF_STRENGTH, SHELF_SCALE_M);

		/// <summary>The parameterized form. With the reference constants it IS the reference — same floats, same order.</summary>
		public static float CoastShelf(float depthMetres, float strength, float scaleM)
		{
			if (depthMetres <= 0f) return depthMetres;
			return depthMetres * (1f - strength * MathF.Exp(-depthMetres / scaleM));
		}

		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
		//  3. THE OFFSHORE ISLETS — chat2/05 stage 1, faithful (reference ~:64-142)
		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
		//
		// Islets are placed by LERPING the seabed TOWARD a target height, not by adding to it, so
		// they surface at any ambient depth instead of only where the seafloor happens to be shallow.
		//
		// ⚠⚠ THIS IS THE ONE LAYER IN PASS 1 THAT TURNS WATER INTO LAND. Every other shaping element
		// is monotone in (sea − height). Islets add above-sea land, which means they CHANGE
		// CLASSIFICATION — new land is new biome/water pixels downstream. That is exactly why they
		// belong in the base shape before classification runs: tweaking an island dial later and
		// regenerating re-runs classification consistently. It is a known property, not a surprise.
		// → chat2/05 report, "modularity".

		/// <summary>Reference: ~585 px blobs at 8K — few and sizeable, not a scatter of 50 px debris.</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_FREQ_ISLANDS = 14f;

		/// <summary>Reference: the islet noise field's seed offset. A SEED offset, not a coordinate offset.</summary>
		public const int OFFSHORE_SEED_OFFSET = 7607;

		/// <summary>Reference: target crest, metres above sea, PRE-CURVE. The curve's toe squashes it lower.</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_ISLAND_H_M = 34f;

		/// <summary>Reference: fraction of a blob's excess over threshold that saturates to full weight.</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_CORE = 0.45f;

		/// <summary>
		/// ⭐ THE MOAT. Reference: the raise is EXACTLY zero wherever the ambient water is shallower
		/// than this, so the ring of water between the mainland shore and any islet cannot be
		/// bridged — a continuous path from shore to islet must cross this depth contour, and every
		/// pixel on it is untouched water.
		/// </summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_MIN_DEPTH_M = 14f;

		/// <summary>Reference: the moat's feather width, metres.</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_DEPTH_FEATHER_M = 10f;

		/// <summary>Reference: the Trench mask — zone fades from INNER to zero at OUTER (the Trench ramp starts at 0.90).</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_TRENCH_INNER = 0.78f;
		public const float OFFSHORE_TRENCH_OUTER = 0.86f;

		/// <summary>
		/// ⭐ THE "ACTUALLY OFFSHORE" TEST. Reference: depth alone is not enough — a deep LAKE or the
		/// carved crater bay is also below sea level, and islets have no business in either. The
		/// pre-Trench falloff is the honest discriminator: the mainland coast sits near f = 0.66, and
		/// inland water is far below that whatever the axis ratios are, because elongation moves
		/// WHERE a given f occurs, not the f at which land ends.
		/// → this is precisely why <c>Pass1Result.PreTrenchFalloff</c> exists.
		/// </summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_MIN_FALLOFF = 0.72f;

		/// <summary>Reference: the falloff test's feather width.</summary>
		public const float OFFSHORE_FALLOFF_FEATHER = 0.06f;

		/// <summary>
		/// Blob weight in [0,1] for one ocean column. THE FAITHFUL FORM.
		///
		/// ⚠ <paramref name="threshold"/> comes from <see cref="CalibrateThreshold"/>, NOT from the
		/// density directly. Reference: "Simplex output is concentrated well inside [−1,1] (in
		/// practice it rarely passes ±0.87), so treating density as a fraction of the theoretical
		/// range produces a threshold almost nothing clears. That bug shipped in the first task-11
		/// build and raised 171 pixels on the whole map, none of them above sea."
		/// </summary>
		public static float OffshoreBlob(float noise01, float threshold)
			=> OffshoreBlob(noise01, threshold, OFFSHORE_CORE);

		/// <summary>
		/// The parameterized form. <paramref name="coreFraction"/> is the fraction of the excess
		/// over threshold that saturates: SMALLER ⇒ more of the blob at full weight ⇒ FLATTER top
		/// and a sharper base. (The reshape's "flatter" lever lowers this, not raises it.)
		/// </summary>
		public static float OffshoreBlob(float noise01, float threshold, float coreFraction)
		{
			if (noise01 <= threshold) return 0f;
			float core = MathF.Max((1f - threshold) * coreFraction, 1e-4f);
			float k = Math.Clamp((noise01 - threshold) / core, 0f, 1f);
			return k * k * (3f - 2f * k);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// The noise value that <paramref name="density"/> of <paramref name="samples"/> exceed.
		/// Sorts a COPY, so the caller's array is left alone. Verbatim.
		/// </summary>
		public static float CalibrateThreshold(float[] samples, float density)
		{
			if (samples.Length == 0 || density <= 0f) return 1f;
			float[] s = (float[])samples.Clone();
			Array.Sort(s);
			int idx = (int)((1f - Math.Clamp(density, 0f, 1f)) * (s.Length - 1));
			return s[Math.Clamp(idx, 0, s.Length - 1)];
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// How much of the blob is allowed here: zero in shallow water near the mainland (the moat),
		/// zero anywhere not genuinely outside the island body, zero in and near the Trench ramp,
		/// full in the open ocean between. THE FAITHFUL FORM.
		/// </summary>
		public static float OffshoreZoneWeight(float ambientDepthMetres, float preTrenchFalloff,
			float distX01, float distY01)
			=> OffshoreZoneWeight(ambientDepthMetres, preTrenchFalloff, distX01, distY01,
				OFFSHORE_MIN_DEPTH_M, OFFSHORE_DEPTH_FEATHER_M,
				OFFSHORE_MIN_FALLOFF, OFFSHORE_FALLOFF_FEATHER,
				OFFSHORE_TRENCH_INNER, OFFSHORE_TRENCH_OUTER);

		/// <summary>
		/// The parameterized form. ⚠ <paramref name="distX01"/>/<paramref name="distY01"/> are
		/// MAP-anchored (|x − cx| / halfSpan, no axis ratio) — the same normalization the Trench
		/// itself uses, because the mask's job is to stay off the Trench, not off the island ellipse.
		/// </summary>
		public static float OffshoreZoneWeight(float ambientDepthMetres, float preTrenchFalloff,
			float distX01, float distY01,
			float minDepthM, float depthFeatherM, float minFalloff, float falloffFeather,
			float trenchInner, float trenchOuter)
		{
			if (ambientDepthMetres < minDepthM) return 0f;
			if (preTrenchFalloff < minFalloff) return 0f;

			float w = Math.Clamp((ambientDepthMetres - minDepthM) / depthFeatherM, 0f, 1f);
			w *= Math.Clamp((preTrenchFalloff - minFalloff) / falloffFeather, 0f, 1f);

			float d = MathF.Max(distX01, distY01);
			if (d >= trenchOuter) return 0f;
			if (d > trenchInner)
				w *= 1f - (d - trenchInner) / (trenchOuter - trenchInner);
			return w;
		}

		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
		//  3b. THE RESHAPE HELPER — chat2/05 stage 2. Not in the reference. (The seeded-floor
		//      stamp that sat beside it was reverted out in chat2/06 — git history has it.)
		// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

		/// <summary>
		/// The reshaped organic blob: the faithful smoothstep, then its weight pushed toward
		/// saturation by <paramref name="edgeSharpness"/> — <c>1 − (1 − w)^sharpness</c>. At
		/// sharpness 1 this IS <see cref="OffshoreBlob"/>. Higher values keep the same footprint but
		/// make the top flatter and the crest-to-sea transition narrower: a distinct flat-topped
		/// landmass instead of a gentle noise bump. C¹ at both ends, so it cannot alias.
		/// </summary>
		public static float RigidBlob(float noise01, float threshold, float coreFraction, float edgeSharpness)
		{
			float w = OffshoreBlob(noise01, threshold, coreFraction);
			if (w <= 0f || edgeSharpness <= 1f) return w;
			return 1f - MathF.Pow(1f - w, edgeSharpness);
		}
	}
}